The First Crusade essays

The First Crusade essays In their book, From Reliable Sources: An Introduction to Historical Methods, the authors write, "History as academic historians write it today would be almost unrecognizable to scholars working even fifty years ago, let alone in a past that is a century, two centuries - or twenty centuries - old" (Howell and Prevenier 119). The First Crusade, edited by Edward Peters, is a collection of texts that includes not only currently accepted historical views, but also primary source material. This book allows the reader an opportunity to examine the method used by the author while reading the various accounts of events. It is important for the reader to have a basic comprehension of historical methodology to understand the value and context of the texts contained in The First Crusade. There are many ways by which to record history. The methods used by historians are as different as are the historians themselves. This is why a collection of primary source materials differs from digested' and compiled history. Howell and Prevenier explain that this interpretational framework may include Historicism, a process attributed to Leopold von Ranke, or Positivism, as defined by August Comte. A third approach to history, the teleological view and "expounded by Aristotle" is defined as "seeing the universe as striving towards its own final cause" (Aristotle 2). By seeing history as a type of creation, one understands the value of primary sources such as those in Peters' book. The Story of the First Crusade begins with a proclamation made by Pope Urban II in the year 1095 and extends to St. Gilles march toward Jerusalem in early 1099. Peters extends the context of his collection to the year 1270 in the appendix of his book. He begins with four distinct accounts of the same event in his book, Urban's speech. In doing so, he provides the reader with a broad sense of the meanin...

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buy custom Epidemiology essay There have been controversies on whether or not HPV vaccine should be mandated in public schools. There are those individuals who argue that mandating this vaccine in public schools will lead to girls engaging in more risky behaviors. Others oppose, arguing that these drugs are expensive. In addition, the opponents of this program are always concerned with the parents reaction towards mandating HPV vaccine. They argue that there is a likelihood of parents refusing to advocate for the introduction of this vaccine in public schools. The truth is that mandating this vaccine can be of great help, especially to a large population of girls who are vulnerable to being infected with sexually transmitted infections. It is true that abstinence is the best method of ensuring that one does not contract sexually transmitted diseases. Those who oppose mandating HPV vaccine should remember that abstinence can never protect one against involuntary rape. Another issue to consider is that as much as a woman can try her best in abstaining from sexual intercourse till marriage, it is impossible to prevent infection in case she encounters an infected husband. The above factors prove that women are more vulnerable to sexually transmitted diseases than men; therefore, it is important to mandate HPV vaccine in public schools in order to ensure their health (Cully, 2010) Research has indicated that the enforcement of primary and secondary seatbelt laws have played an important role in reducing the occurrence of motor vehicle injuries and fatalities. Primary enforcement of these laws helps police authorities to be able to arrest violators of this law hence promoting road safety. Epidemiological studies played an important role in the enforcement of seat belt laws. This is because it was through these studies that the effectiveness of both primary and secondary laws could be analyzed and, therefore, enforced. In addition, these studies helped in analyzing different socio-demographic characteristics that greatly influence safety belt law. Research has indicated that primary laws prove to be more effective than secondary laws. A study carried out in 50 states indicated that the use of primary safety belt laws leads to 85% safety among motor vehicle users. 74% was the safety rate in states that implemented secondary laws (Hawkins, 2011). Buy custom Epidemiology essay

Radiation Experiments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Radiation Experiments - Essay Example UV rays are also beneficial to humans; these include the UV watermark that helps in authentication of credit cards. Forensic investigation when a crime occurs, in fluorescent lamps where it ionizes the phosphorescent coating inside the tubes which gives off white light. In astronomy where it is used to make observation from space. UV rays are also used to follow a blood trail for a wounded animal. Other uses include sanitary compliance, spectrophotometer, purification of the air, photochemotherapy, chemical markers, phototherapy, photolithography, sterilization among other uses. (NASA) Investigation of the amount of UV rays that human being are exposed to is important. This information can help in quantifying the effects caused by these rays. UV also affects materials and paint. These Experiments helps determine the effects of these rays on materials with the objective of reducing them or shielding materials and human beings from them (Callister, 757). From the graphical representation above, the incandescent lamp produces both the UVA and UVB rays. The incandescent lamp produces more of the UVA rays than UVB rays. It is also evident that after switching ON the lamp, the production of UVA is high and slowly fades with time. For the UVB rays, the intensity is relatively constant for the 2 minute period. From the scientific knowledge about the UVA and UVB, UVA is stronger and has a